Istanbul Marks 102nd Liberation Anniversary from Occupation
Istanbul recently commemorated the 102nd anniversary of its liberation from foreign occupation. This significant event marks the end of a lengthy period of control by the Allied Powers, following World War I.
Istanbul’s Occupation and Liberation Timeline
- November 13, 1918: Allied forces occupied Istanbul after the Ottoman Empire’s defeat.
- October 6, 1923: Istanbul was officially liberated, concluding nearly five years of occupation.
- March 16, 1920: The occupation transitioned to an official status following the military actions in the Turkish War of Independence.
- July 24, 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne was signed, outlining the withdrawal of Allied forces.
- August 23, 1923: The evacuation of Istanbul began.
- October 4, 1923: The last Allied unit left, having performed a ceremonial salute to the Turkish flag.
Key Figures in the Liberation
- Mustafa Kemal Pasha: Leader of the Turkish War of Independence, he famously declared, “They will leave as they came.”
- Refet Pasha: Appointed by Mustafa Kemal Pasha to represent Türkiye during the evacuation process.
- Selahattin Adil Pasha: Served as the Commander of Istanbul during the transition.
- Şükrü Naili Pasha: Commanded the Turkish forces that entered Istanbul on October 6, 1923.
Significance of the Liberation Day
The restoration of sovereignty in Istanbul is celebrated annually on October 6. This event symbolizes the end of the 4 years, 10 months, and 23 days of occupation. It represents the Turkish nation’s perseverance and spirit of independence.
Commemoration Events
A ceremonial wreath-laying took place at the Taksim Republic Monument. The ceremony included:
- Moment of silence
- National anthem performance
- Speeches by notable figures, including Istanbul’s Governor Davut Gül
Governor Gül emphasized the enduring spirit of independence among the Turkish people. He acknowledged the sacrifices of martyrs and seasoned veterans, reinforcing the message that Turkey remains independent despite temporary hardships.
Historical Context of the Occupation
The occupation began due to the Ottoman Empire’s defeat in World War I. The Allied Powers took control through the Armistice of Mudros, signed on October 30, 1918. Major military and diplomatic efforts eventually led to the liberation of Istanbul.
The withdrawal process was facilitated by agreements established during the Lausanne Treaty, which ensured the orderly exit of foreign forces. The return of Turkish forces signified the completion of the liberation and the restoration of national integrity.
This 102nd anniversary serves not only as a reminder of Turkey’s past struggles but also as a celebration of its continued sovereignty and resilience. Istanbul’s liberation remains a cornerstone of Turkish national pride.
